Underwater explosive device



April 3, 1962 J. T. HAMRICK 3,027,836

UNDERWATER EXPLOSIVE DEVICE Filed March 28, 1960 3 Sheets-Sheet l fuy/5272271" Jase A ZHamvwti April 3, 1962 J. T. HAMRICK UNDERWATEREXPLOSIVE DEVICE 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed March 28, 1960 3 h R Q S 3 a L NQ Q i \Q J hi LI & Km a w. NM

frzz Enfur Jase i THamrzck Eff 5 April 1962 J. T. HAMRICK 3,027,836

UNDERWATER EXPLOSIVE DEVICE Filed March 28, 1960 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 JasefZ Hamri c a M aazzsst HQ p t d Apr, 3, 1962 3,627,836 UNDERWATEREXPLUSIVE DEVICE Joseph T. Hamrick, Cleveland, Ohio, assignor toThompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc., Cleveland, Ghio, a corporation of OhioFiled Mar. 28, 196i Ser. No. 18,057 3 Claims. (Cl. 102--7) The presentinvention relates broadly to the art of demolition, and is moreparticularly concerned with a new and improved underwater explosivedevice mounting thereon bumper means to prevent detonation of the devicein close contact with foreign objects.

It is known in the art that detonatable devices designed for destructiveunderwater applications can be actuated to explode at variouspredetermined depths under control of timer means or hydrostaticpressures. Pressure actuated explosive devices have the advantages ofstructural simplicity and reliability, although whether the detonatabledevice be timer actuated or pressure actuated, there remains the problemof explosion should the device directly contact a foreign object locatedin the descent path of the explosive device. The foreign underwater bodymay be a submarine hull or some other blunt object moving into orstationarily located in the path of descent of the detonatable device,and not sensed prior to release of the explosive package. The foreignunderwater body could in fact be a friendly submarine hull.

It is accordingly an important aim of the present invention to providean explosive device for underwater applications equipped with guardmeans rendering intimate contact detonations generally remotepossibilities.

Another object of this invention lies in the provision of an explosivepackage featuring extreme accuracy of operation and relative simplicityof fabrication and assembly.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a device forperformance of underwater demolition tasks, comprising a body membercarrying an explosive charge and mounting a plurality of extensiblemeans for isolating the explosive charge from bodily contact withforeign submerged objects,

A further object of this invetnion lies in the provision of an explosivedevice particularly adapted for destructive underwater use, and whichcomprises a housing providing communicating arming and firing chambers,a charge container normally attached to the housing, a firing mechanismin the firing chamber movable toward the arming chamber under action ofwater pressures, an arming mechanism in the arming chamber passaged toreceive the firing mechanism for detonation of the charge in thecontainer, and a plurality of extensible arms normally carried by thehousing in a collapsed condition thereon and swingable outwardly inprotection of the charge container during movement of the armingmechanism in the arming chamber under influence of water pressures.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparentduring the course of the following description, particularly when takenin connection with the accompanying drawings.

In the drawings, wherein like numerals designate like parts throughoutthe same:

FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of an underwater explosive deviceconstructed in accordance with the principles of this invention, andwith the guard means thereon in an extended position;

FIGURE 2 is a side elevational view of the explosive device, with partsthereof taken in section to more fully illustrate the arming mechanismand extensible leg structure;

FIGURES 3, 4 and 5 are fragmentary detail sectional views of variousportions of the extensible legs to show the telescoping structureprovided;

FIGURE 6 is a fragmentary detail sectional view of the arming chamber toshow one arrangement for obtaining release of wire restraining means onthe extensible legs;

FIGURE 7 is a side elevational view of the underwater explosive devicein its collapsed condition and prior to being dropped overboard fordemolition applications;

FIGURES 8, 9 and 10 are fragmentary detail sectional views of the legmounting arrangement provided and illustrative of one form of stop meansto restrain the legs in a particular angular relation with respect tothe axis of the explosive device; and

FIGURE 11 is a fragmentary plan view of the ring means and hingearrangement to support the extensible legs.

Referring now to the drawings, and first to FIGURE 1 thereof, anunderwater explosive device embodying the novel concepts of thisinvention may be seen to be designated generally by the legend A. Thedevice comprises a main body portion 20 which may be formed as anintegral cast structure to provide a housing 21 for the operatingmechanisms and an annular guide head 22 which cooperates with thehousing 21 to mount a plurality of stabilizing fins 23. Connected to thehousing 21 is a charge container 24 for housing a supply of TNT or thelike and threadably received on the container 24 is a cap member 25,providing access to the interior of the charge container 24 and furthercontrolling the extent of outward swinging movement of guard or bumpermeans generally designated by the numeral 26.

In the form of the invention shown in FIGURE 1, a total of fourteenidentical bumper arms 26 are provided which extend a total length ofapproximately 22 inches from the supporting charge container 24. As isseen in FIGURE 1, the arms 26 bear various angular relationships withrespect to the axis of the housing 20, and as will be more specificallynoted hereinafter, certain arms 26a are disposed at right angles to thehousing 20, other arms 26b are located at an angle of approximately 45with the housing 20, and other arms 26c when extended form and angle ofabout with the housing 20. The arms 26a-c accordingly form therebetweena 60 mesne angle, and when an arm length of 22 inches is selected, thealtitude to the base of an enclosed triangle which has the bumper armsas two sides is slightly more than eighteen inches. In this manner, themajor number of blunt foreign objects which the explosive device A mayencounter cannot be straddled by the bumper arms 26, and intimatecontact of the charge in the container 24 with the foreign object iseffectively prevented.

As appears more fully in FIGURES 2 and 7 to 11, the mounting means forthe bumper or guard arms 26 may take the form of a ring member 27 weldedor otherwise secured to the outer diameter of the charge container 24intermediate its opposite ends. Although the bumper arms 26a-c aredisposed when extended in differing angular relationships with respectto the axis of the housing 20, each bumper arm 26 is preferablystructurally identical. Each arm is shaped at one end with a reducedhinge portion 28, and by pin means 29 the bumper arm 26b is hingedlyconnected with the ring member 27 to hinge means 3% on the ring member27. As appears in FIGURES 9 and 10, the bumper arms 26a connect by pinmeans 29 to hinge means 30a on the ring member 27, while bumper arms 26cthrough pin means 29 are connected to hinge means 30c on the same ringmember 27. To swing the bumper arms 26 to the extended position ofFIGURE 1 in pivotal action about the pin means 29, spring means 31 areprovided, and such means may take the form of a hairpin spring wrappedabout the pin means 29 and having one leg portion 31a bearing againstthe charge container 24, and another leg portion 31b pinned at 310 toeach of the legs or bumper arms 26.

It was noted that the bumper arms 265 when swung outwardly to theposition of FIGURE 1 define an angle of approximately 45 with the axisof the charge container 24,-and to limit the extent of outward swingingmovement of the arms 26b, the ring member 27 is inachined or otherwiseformed adjacent the hinges 30b with an inclined or tapered stop surface27b. The bumper arms 26a, on the other hand, are disposed generallyperpendicular to the charge container 24 when extended to the positionof FIGURE 1, and to limit the extent of outward swinging movement of thearms 26a about the pivot 29, the ring member 27 is provided with aperpendicular or radially outwardly directed stop surface 2711 againstwhich the arms 26a abut in the manner of FIGURE 9. With respect to theremaining bumper arms 26c, and as appears in FIGURE 10, the ring member27 adjacent the hinges 30a is tapered as at 270 to provide a stopsurface limiting outward swinging movement of the arms 260 about thepivot 29 to an angle of approximately 150.

Each bumper or guard arm 26 comprises a plurality of resiliently urgedcollapsible sections which are received within the profile of theexplosive device A when the bumper arms are collapsed prior to droppingthe explosive device into a body of Water for performance of adetonation mission. As appears in FIGURES 2 and 7, the arms 26 in theircollapsed condition are held against the housing by wire means 32, whichis released in response to action of the arming mechanism in a manner tobe later described. Each bumper arm 26 desirably takes the formindicated in detail in FIGURES 3, 4 and 5, and it may be observed thatthere is provided a plurality of telescoping sections 33, 34 and 35. Theouter section 33 of each bumper arm 26 is of tubular configuration andmounts at one end plug means 36 having a stepped outer diameter toprovide a portion 36a tightly received within the tube section 33. Theplug means 36 is formed at its opposite end with the earlier noted hingeportion 28 providing attachment through the pin 29 to the hinges 30 onthe ring member 27. The tubular section 33 receives therewithin springmeans 37 preferably positioned at one end by plug portion 36b andbearing at its opposite end against collar portion 38a on pin means 38.The spring 37 encircles pin portion 38b, and the opposite end of the pin38 is formed with a portion 380 in tight fitting contact with the innerdiameter of the intermediate tubular section 34. As is believed nowquite apparent, the spring means 38 resiliently urges the intermediatesection 34 to an extended position, and during the extensible movement,the pin collar portion 38a is in sliding contact with the inner diameterof the outer tube 33.

The intermediate tubular section 34 is in slidable contact with theouter tubular section 33 at the opposite end of the latter tube by meansof an inwardly turned portion 331: formed thereon. The intermediatetubular section 34 is similarly formed at 34a with a swaged portion toslidably receive the central section of the bumper assembly 26. Thecentral section 35 is desirably provided by a solid rod member as shown,and the rod section 35 slides relative to the intermediate tubularsection 34 by provision of a head porion 35a formed on the rod section35. Bearing against the rod head portion 35a is spring means 39, whichbottoms at its opposite end against pin portion 380. Accordingly,through provision of the telescoping armsections 33, 34 and 35, and thespring means 37 and 39, the intermediate tube sect-ion 34 slidesoutwardly relative to the outer tube section 33 and the central rodsection 35 slides outwardly relative to the intermediate tube section 34when each bumper arm 26 is permitted to swing outwardly away from thehousing 20 of the explosive device A through release of the wire means32 or an equivalent thereof.

The wire means 32 prevents outward swinging movement of the arms 26until the explosive device A has descended to a predetermined waterdepth, as will be explained in more detail in the succeeding paragraphs.Additionally, to maintain the bumper arm assemblies 26 in the collapsedcondition illustrated in FIGURES 2 and 7, a pressing force is exertedagainst the outer end of each of the rod sections 35. This may beaccomplished in various ways, as for example by abutting the rod endsagainst the inwardly facing ends surface of the fin collar 22. On theother hand, the rod 35 may be restrained to keep the arm assemblies 26restrained by provision of a plurality of slots 39 formed in the fincollar 22, as best shown in FIGURES 2 and 7. Of course, during shipmentof the explosive device A, container means may be provided about thecollapsed assembly of FIGURES 2 and 7, and a form of cap means could bereceived about the lower ends of the bumper arms 26 to prevent extensionthereof.

The bumper arm assembly described can readily be employed on varioustypes of under water explosive devices, although particularly goodresults are obtained when the bumper arm assembly is incorporated into ademolition device having the arming and firing mechanisms of FIGURE 2.The structural details of these mechanisms will now be described,however, these details form no part of the instant invention.

The housing 21 provided by the main body portion 20 for the operatingmechanisms is formed with a variable diameter axial bore 46 providing anannular firing chamber 47 housing a firin g mechanism designatedgenerally by the numeral 48. Downwardly of the firing chamber 47 andinwardly of its opposite ends the body member or housing 21 is providedwith a raised boss 49 having therein an annular recess 50 opening at oneend and providing an arming chamber receiving an arming piston 51.Preferably cast integral with the body member 21, and thereby forming apart of said member, is an internally threaded collar 52 engaging a capportion 53 of the charge container or canister 24. During use, thecontainer cap portion 53 houses a booster such as tetryl, and theexplosive within the container 24 may be in the form of TNT or otherdesired materials.

The firing mechanism 48 comprises a piston member 55 having a generallycylindrical head portion 56 and substantially cylindrical stem portion57 passaged at 58 to slidably support therein a firin g pin 59resiliently urged by spring means 60. It is to be seen that the firingpin 59 has a reduced diameter stem portion 61 surrounded by the springmeans 60, and that the spring means bottoms at one end against the baseof the passage 58 and at its opposite end against a shoulder 63 formedat the end of the firing pin reduced portion 61.

The piston member stem 57 is slidably received within a guide collar orinsert 64 which is restrained against forward axial movement by abutmentwith a shoulder 65 formed by the firing chamber bore 46. The aperturedinsert 64 additionally functions to releasably lock the firing pin 59 ina rearward position, essentially as shown in FIGURE 2. This isaccomplished by providing the piston member stem 57 with a plurality ofcircumferentially spaced holes or openings 66 receiving a ball member 67of a suitable plastic or metal and seated in an annular groove 68 in thefiring pin 59 axially inwardly of the opposite ends thereof. Therefore,the balls 67, groove 68 and apertured insert 64 lock the firing pin 59in the position shown, and as will be later noted, travel of the piston55 toward the arming chamber 50 causes the balls or rotatable elements67 to be impelled outwardly, releasing the firing pin 59 from lockedengagement with the piston member stem 57.

It is to be observed from FIGURE 2 that the firing chamber bore 46 isopen at opposite ends, and communicates with the arming chamber 50 bymeans of a convergent passage 70. The opposite end of the bore 46, onthe other hand, permits exposure of the piston head 56 to fluidpressures to cause piston travel when the explosive device A hasdescended to a predetermined depth in a body of water. The piston member55 is restrained against axial movement in a direction opposite from thearming chamber Si) by loci: ring means or the like 71, and spring means72 encircling the piston member stem 57 and bottoming at opposite endsagainst the piston head 56 and apertured insert 64 maintains the pistonmember head 56 against the lock ring 71. Lock ring means 73 may beemployed at the opposite end of the piston 55 in surrounding relation tothe stem portion 67 thereof, although this is of course not at all timesrequired.

The arming piston 51 may comprise a generally cylindrical body portion74 having a reduced diameter generally cylindrical neck portion 75provided at one end thereof, and spring means 76 is shown as surroundingthe neck portion 75 to resiliently urge the arming piston 51 downwardlyfrom the position shown in FIGURE 2, and

' in an unarmed condition. Travel of the arming piston 51 may be guidedby pin means or the like 79 attached to the walls of the boss 49, andcooperating with a notch or slide 80 in the piston 51 during its axialtravel within the radial passage 50.

The arming piston 51 is in its armed position as shown in FiGURE 2, andformed in the arming piston body portion 74 for axial alignment with thefiring pin 59 is a stepped diametral bore 81. The bore 81 in theconfiguration shown provides a pair of communicating compartments, andin the compartment adjacent the neck portion 53 on the charge containerthere is normally located a percussion cap (not shown). Viewing FIGURE2, it will be understood that when the firing pin 59 is released fromthe position shown, the pin 59 travels first through the convergentpassage 70 and then through the stepped diametral passage 81 in thearming piston 51 to detonate the percussion cap, which in turn ignitesthe booster charge in the charge container neck portion 53 by means of ahole or opening S2 in one of the boss walls. Ignition of the boosterfractures or explodes a wall d3 separating the booster compartment fromthe main charge compartment, and thereby the entire charge in thecanister 24 is detonated.

While, as earlier noted, effective utilization of the novel bumper means26 of this invention does not require the specific arming and firingmechanisms described, in any arrangement wherein piston travelresponsive to water pressures is provided, such piston movement may beemployed to release the wire means 32. wrapping the bumper arms 26. Inthis manner, when the arming piston 51 is advanced axially inwardly inresponse to particular water pressures, the wire means 32 can beautomatically released or disengaged so that the bumper arms 26 are inthe position of FIGURE 1 after the explosive device A has descended apredetermined distance in the water.

If piston travel is utilized for wire release, an arrangement embodyingthe features of FIGURE 6 can be employed. As illustrated, thecylindrical portion 74 of the arming piston 51 is formed with an annularraised rib 74a providing a shoulder 74b against which may bear oppositeends 32a and 32b of the arming wire 32. The shoulder 74b is formed toprovide a piston groove 740, the opposite side of which is formed by ashoulder 74d provided by another annular raised rib 75. It may now beseen that when the piston 74 advances in the direction indicated by thearrow in FIGURE 6, the release wire 32 will be advanced between theshoulder 74b and 74d until the grove 740 is aligned with openings 49aand 49b in the boss 49, whereupon by the inherent resiliency of the wire32 and the tension applied thereon when the wire is wrapped about thebumper arms 26, the wire 32 will spring outwardly from the openings49a-b to release the arms 26 for outward swinging movement to theposition of FIGURE 1.

The underwater explosive device A may be suitably modified to detonateat various water depths, and illustratively, the device shown in thedrawings may be armed at approximately twenty feet and fired at aboutsixty 6 feet. These exemplary depths may be varied as desired, and forthis purpose there is provided on the housing 20 a threaded plug 77(FIGURE 2) received in a threaded opening in the housing 20. In thismanner, should it be desired to delay the depth of firing of theexplosive device until water depths substantially in excess of sixtyfeet have been reached, the plug 77 may be removed prior to dropping ofthe explosive device, and water pres sures are thereupon exerted againstthe backside of the piston head 56 to prevent piston travel and firinguntil a particular water depth has been reached. Generally speaking,when the threaded plug 77 forming a part of the depth selector means isremoved, firing will not occur until water depths of approximately 300feet are reached.

Briefly stated, the explosive device A operates as follows. After thedevice A has been dropped into the water over an object to bedemolished, and is guided to its course by the fins 23, a water depth ofapproximately 20 feet causes the arming piston 51 to travel axiallywithin the bore '50 toward the closed end of the arming chamher, andessentially into the position of FIGURE 2, Whereat the diametral passage81 in the piston body portion 74 is axially aligned with the firing pin59.

During axial travel of the arming piston 51 from a position whereat theexposed face of the piston cylindrical portion 74 is generally flushwith the open end of the piston chamber Sti, the annular groove 74c onthe piston portion 74 reaches the openings 49a and 49b in the boss 49 topermit release of the arming wire ends 320 and 32b from the position ofFIGURE 6. The arming wire :32 is accordingly released from its wrappingrelation with the bumper arms 26, permitting the bumper arms to swingoutwardly and causing the telescoping sections 33, 34 and 35 thereof toextend to their fully outward positions, as shown in FIGURE 1. Thus itmay be seen that between the time at which the explosive device A isdropped into the Water and the time at which the device reachesapproximately twenty feet, the bumper arms 26 are fuily extended, toprotect the explosive device from intimate contact detonation while incontact with relatively blunt obiects.

Continuing with the operation of the device A, further descent in thewater to a depth of approximately sixty feet causes firing to beinitiated. This is effected by the relatively greater water pressures atthis depth exerting a force against the firing piston head portion 56through the relatively wide open end of the bore 46, causing forwardaxial travel of the piston 55 with the head portion 56 and stem portion57 in sliding contact with the firing bore 46 and inner diameter of thesleeve or insert 64 respectively. Such movement is of course inresistance to the spring means 72, which acts to hold the piston member55 in a rearward position with the piston head 56 against the lockingspring 71, as shown in FIGURE 2. Continued axial travel of the pistonstem member in sliding contact with the sleeve or insert 64 moves therotatable elements 67 beyond the front face of the insert, whereby theballs or rotatable elements are cast radially outwardly through theapertures 66 in the piston stem 57 and out of locking engagement withthe firing pin 59 through the groove 69 therein. The firing pin 59 isthereupon impelled axially forwardly under action of the spring means 63and into firing contact with the percussion cap means in the compartmentof the diametral bore 81 in the arming piston body portion 74. Theexplosive train is thereupon ignited by the percussion cap, firing thebooster in the cap portion 53 and detonating the explosive material inthe container or canister 24, to demolish the underwater object.

It has been pointed out hereinabove that effective avoidance of intimatecontact detonation of an underwater explosive device does not requirethe firing and arming mechanisms disclosed in FIGURE 2 and specificallydescribed hereinabove. The extensible bumper or guard means 26 may ofcourse be time actuated to the position of FIGURE 1, or otherarrangements may be provided to extend the bumper arms in response towater pressures. By the guard structure of this invention there isessentially no chance of intimate contact explosion of a detonatabledevice by contact between the device and a relatively blunt object, astypified by a submarine hull. As is known, submarine hulls normally donot have sharp or pointed objects protruding therefrom, although if theenvironment in which the instant explosive device is to be employed doesupon occasion present sharp objects which the bumper arms :26 couldstraddle, the tips of the bumper arms could be spanned in various ways,as for example, by wire or fabric.

This modification and others apparent to those skilled in the art may ofcourse readily be effected without departing from the novel concepts ofthis invention.

1 claim as my invention:

1. An explosive device adapted for underwater use, comprising a housingand a connecting container for an explosive, means in said housingmovable when the housing reaches a predetermined depth to detonate theexplosive, and means connected to the housing and responsive to movementof said detonating means for erecting a barrier about the chargecontainer to guard said container against intimate contact withunderwater objects which may be unintentionally damaged by detonatingthe explosive.

2. \An explosive device adapted for underwater use, comprising a housingand a connecting container for an explosive, means in said housingmovable when the housing reaches a predetermined depth to detonate theexplosive, and guard means normally disposed along the housing andmovable in response to movement of the detonating means to space thecharge container and guard the same against intimate contact withunderwater objects.

3. An explosive device adapted for underwater use, comprising a housingand a connecting container for an explosive, means in said housingmovable when the housing reaches a predetermined depth to detonate theexplosive, and a plurality of arm members pivotally mounted on thehousing normally disposed along the axis of the housing and swingableoutwardly therefrom in response to movement of the detonating means tospace the charge container and guard the same against intimate contactwith underwater objects which may be damaged by detonating theexplosive.

4. An explosive device adapted for underwater use, comprising a housingand a connecting container for an explosive, means in said housingmovable when the housing reaches a predetermined depth to detonate theexplosive, a plurality of extensible arm members mounted by said housingfor outward swingable movement therefrom, and restraining means normallymaintaining the arm members along the axis of the housing and releasedby the detonating means during movement thereof to permit outwardswinging and extension of the arm members to space the charge containerand guard the same against intimate contact with underwater objectswhich may be damaged by detonating the explosive.

5. An explosive device adapted for underwater use, comprising a housingand a connecting container for an explosive, means in said housingmovable when the housing reaches a predetermined depth to detonate theexplosive, a plurality of spring-pressed telescoping arm memberspivotally mounted at one end by the housing and restrained againstextension along their free and opposite ends by said housing, and bandmeans normally maintaining the arm members along the axis of the housingand released by the detonating means during movement thereof to permitoutward swinging and extension of the arm members to space the chargecontainer and guard the same against intimate contact with underwaterobjects which may be damaged by detonating the explosive.

6. An explosive device adapted for underwater use, comprising a housingand a connecting container for an explosive, means in said housingmovable when the housing reaches a predetermined depth to detonate theexplosive, a plurality of extensible arm members mounted by said housingfor outward swingable movement therefrom, a plurality of stop surfacesof varying degrees of slope supported by said housing and contacted byone end of each of the arm members to limit the extent of their outwardswinging movement, and restraining means normally maintaining the armmembers along the housing and released in response to movement of thedetonating means to permit outward swinging and extension of the armmembers to space the charge container and guard the same againstintimate contact with underwater objects which may be damaged bydetonating the explosive.

7. An explosive device adapted for underwater use, comprising a housingand a connecting container for an .explosive, a plurality of groups ofhinge means supported by the housing adjacent one end thereof andarranged at different radial angles with respect to the axis of thehousing, a plurality of spring-pressed telescoping arm members connectedalong one end to said hinge means, restraining means normallymaintaining the arm members folded along the housing, and a firing pinassembly mounted by the housing and actuated by water pressures torelease the restraining means and permit the arm members to swingoutwardly on the hinge means, whereby the charge container is guarded bysaid arm members and shielded against intimate contact with underwaterobjects which may be damaged by detonating the explosive.

8. An explosive device adapted for underwater use, comprising a housingand a connecting container for an explosive, a plurality of groups ofhinge means supported 'by the housing adjacent one end thereof andarranged at different radial angles with respect to the axis of thehousing, a plurality of spring-pressed telescoping arm members connectedalong one end to said hinge means, a plurality of stop surfaces ofvarying degrees of slope supported by said housing and contacted by oneend of each of the arm members to limit the extent of their outwardswinging movement, restraining means normally maintaining the armmembers folded along the housing, and a firing pin assembly mounted bythe housing and actuated by water pressures to release the restrainingmeans and permit the arm members to swing outwardly on the hinge means,whereby the charge container is guarded by said arm members and shieldedagainst intimate contact with underwater objects which may be damaged bydetonating the explosive.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS2,568,712 Bowersett et al Sept. 25, 1951 2,923,238 Albon et a1. Feb. 2,1960 FOREIGN PATENTS 602,400 France Dec. 23, 1925 692,686 France Aug. 5,1930

